The contents of this page are preliminary. They won't become canonical until the first version of the Tale of Tifa Walbatnuwa Siina is up. - DPH

Verbs

There are five moods, indicative, subjunctive, hypothetic, optative, and analytic. To simplify a bit: Indicative is used for statements the speaker is claiming to be true. Subjunctive is used for statements which are not necessarily true. Hypothetic is used for contrary to fact conditionals and analogies. Optative is used for statements the speaker wishes were (or hopes are) true. Analytic is used for statements which are necessarily true, such as mathematical statements or definitions. There are three tenses, past, present, and future. Verbs agree with their subjects in person, number, and, for the third person, gender. There is no third person uncountable plural.

First person endings are either intimate or ordinary. For the difference between intimate and ordinary see the the Pronoun page

Each mood/tense combination has three paradigms, one for positive vowel stems, one for positive consonant stems, and one for negative stems, which are always consonant stems.

Abbreviations

+V positive vowel stem

+C positive consonant stem

-C negative consonant stem

S singular

P plural

1O first person ordinary

1I first person intimate

2 second person

3F third person feminine

3M third person masculine

3P third person positional

3T third person transportable

3U third person uncountable

(s) strenghening of vowel in stem

Paradigms

INDICATIVE PRESENT
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O bo bob o ob aa aab

1I b bee ob obee aab aabee

2 nnii nniinn ii iinn ai ainn

3F su sus u us au aus

3M ma maa a aa aaba aabaa

3P po pop o op aabo aabop

3T mit miit it iit ait ait

3U tee -- ee -- aabee --

INDICATIVE PRESENT
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	bo	bob	o	ob	aa	aab
1I	b	bee	ob	obee	aab	aabee
2	nnii	nniinn	ii	iinn	ai	ainn
3F	su	sus	u	us	au	aus
3M	ma	maa	a	aa	aaba	aabaa
3P	po	pop	o	op	aabo	aabop
3T	mit	miit	it	iit	ait	ait
3U	tee	--	ee	--	aabee	--

INDICATIVE PAST
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O siso sisob iso isob aasis aasiis

1I sifp sifpee ifp ifpee aifp aifpee

2 siznnii siznniinn iznnii iznniinn aiznnii aiznniinn

3F sisu sisus isu isus aisu aisus

3M sisa sisaa isa isaa aisa aisaa

3P sispo sispop ispo ispop aispo aispop

3T sisit sisiit isit isiit aisit aisiit

3U sistee -- istee -- aistee --

INDICATIVE PAST
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	siso	sisob	iso	isob	aasis	aasiis
1I	sifp	sifpee	ifp	ifpee	aifp	aifpee
2	siznnii	siznniinn	iznnii	iznniinn	aiznnii	aiznniinn
3F	sisu	sisus	isu	isus	aisu	aisus
3M	sisa	sisaa	isa	isaa	aisa	aisaa
3P	sispo	sispop	ispo	ispop	aispo	aispop
3T	sisit	sisiit	isit	isiit	aisit	aisiit
3U	sistee	--	istee	--	aistee	--

INDICATIVE FUTURE
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O dd ddob odd oddob aadd aaddee

1I ddeb ddebee eb ebee aaddeb aaddebee

2 ddennii ddenniinn ennii enniinn aaddenii aaddenniinn

3F ddesu ddesus esu esus aaddesu aaddesus

3M ddema ddemaa ema emaa aaddema aaddemaa

3P ddepo ddepop epo epop aaddepo aaddepop

3T ddeet ddiit eet iit aaddeet aaddiit

3U ddee -- etee -- aaddee --

INDICATIVE FUTURE
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	dd	ddob	odd	oddob	aadd	aaddee
1I	ddeb	ddebee	eb	ebee	aaddeb	aaddebee
2	ddennii	ddenniinn	ennii	enniinn	aaddenii	aaddenniinn
3F	ddesu	ddesus	esu	esus	aaddesu	aaddesus
3M	ddema	ddemaa	ema	emaa	aaddema	aaddemaa
3P	ddepo	ddepop	epo	epop	aaddepo	aaddepop
3T	ddeet	ddiit	eet	iit	aaddeet	aaddiit
3U	ddee	--	etee	--	aaddee	--

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O (s)vbo (s)vbob izzbo izzbob aizzbo aizzbob

1I (s)vb (s)vbee izzb izzbee aizzb aizzbee

2 (s)zznnii (s)zznniinn izznnii izznniinn aizznnii aizznniinn

3F (s)zzu (s)zzus izzu izzus aizzu aizzus

3M (s)zza (s)zzaa izza izzaa aizza aizzaa

3P (s)sspo (s)sspop isspo isspop aisspo aisspop

3T (s)zzit (s)zziit izzit izziit aizzit aizziit

3U (s)sstee -- isstee -- aisstee --

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	(s)vbo	(s)vbob	izzbo	izzbob	aizzbo	aizzbob
1I	(s)vb	(s)vbee	izzb	izzbee	aizzb	aizzbee
2	(s)zznnii	(s)zznniinn	izznnii	izznniinn	aizznnii	aizznniinn
3F	(s)zzu	(s)zzus	izzu	izzus	aizzu	aizzus
3M	(s)zza	(s)zzaa	izza	izzaa	aizza	aizzaa
3P	(s)sspo	(s)sspop	isspo	isspop	aisspo	aisspop
3T	(s)zzit	(s)zziit	izzit	izziit	aizzit	aizziit
3U	(s)sstee	--	isstee	--	aisstee	--

SUBJUNCTIVE PAST
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O (s)zziso (s)zzisob izziso izzisob aizziso aizzisob

1I (s)zzifp (s)zzifpee izzifp izzifpee aizzifp aizzifpee

2 (s)zziznnii (s)zziznniinn izziznnii izziznniinn aizziznnii aizziznniinn

3F (s)zzisu (s)zzisus izzisu izzisus aizzisu aizzisus

3M (s)zzisa (s)zzisaa izzisa izzisaa aizzisa aizzisaa

3P (s)zzispo (s)zzispop izzispo izzispop aizzispo aizzispop

3T (s)zzisit (s)zzisiit izzisit izzisiit aizzisit aizzisiit

3U (s)zzistee -- izzistee -- aizzistee --

SUBJUNCTIVE PAST
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	(s)zziso	(s)zzisob	izziso	izzisob	aizziso	aizzisob
1I	(s)zzifp	(s)zzifpee	izzifp	izzifpee	aizzifp	aizzifpee
2	(s)zziznnii	(s)zziznniinn	izziznnii	izziznniinn	aizziznnii	aizziznniinn
3F	(s)zzisu	(s)zzisus	izzisu	izzisus	aizzisu	aizzisus
3M	(s)zzisa	(s)zzisaa	izzisa	izzisaa	aizzisa	aizzisaa
3P	(s)zzispo	(s)zzispop	izzispo	izzispop	aizzispo	aizzispop
3T	(s)zzisit	(s)zzisiit	izzisit	izzisiit	aizzisit	aizzisiit
3U	(s)zzistee	--	izzistee	--	aizzistee	--

SUBJUNCTIVE FUTURE
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O (s)zzdd (s)zzddob izzdd izzddob aizzdd aizzddob

1I (s)zzddeb (s)zzddebee izzddeb izzddebee aizzddeb aizzddebee

2 (s)zzddennii (s)zzddenniinn izzddennii izzddenniinn aizzddennii aizzddenniinn

3F (s)zzddesu (s)zzddesus izzddesu izzddesus aizzddesu aizzddesus

3M (s)zzddema (s)zzddemaa izzddema izzddemaa aizzddema aizzddemaa

3P (s)zzddepo (s)zzddepop izzddepo izzddepop aizzddepo aizzddepop

3T (s)zzddeet (s)zzddiit izzddeet izzddiit aizzddeet aizzddiit

3U (s)zzddee -- izzddee -- aizzddee --

SUBJUNCTIVE FUTURE
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	(s)zzdd	(s)zzddob	izzdd	izzddob	aizzdd	aizzddob
1I	(s)zzddeb	(s)zzddebee	izzddeb	izzddebee	aizzddeb	aizzddebee
2	(s)zzddennii	(s)zzddenniinn	izzddennii	izzddenniinn	aizzddennii	aizzddenniinn
3F	(s)zzddesu	(s)zzddesus	izzddesu	izzddesus	aizzddesu	aizzddesus
3M	(s)zzddema	(s)zzddemaa	izzddema	izzddemaa	aizzddema	aizzddemaa
3P	(s)zzddepo	(s)zzddepop	izzddepo	izzddepop	aizzddepo	aizzddepop
3T	(s)zzddeet	(s)zzddiit	izzddeet	izzddiit	aizzddeet	aizzddiit
3U	(s)zzddee	--	izzddee	--	aizzddee	--

HYPOTHETIC PRESENT
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O vavo vavob avo avob aavo aavob

1I vav vavbee av avbee aav aavbee

2 vannii vanniinn annii anniinn aannii aanniinn

3F vazu vazus azu azus aazu aazus

3M vava vavaa ava avaa aava aavaa

3P vavbo vavbop avbo avbop aavbo aavbop

3T vavit vaviit avit aviit aavit aaviit

3U vazdee -- azdee -- aazdee --

HYPOTHETIC PRESENT
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	vavo	vavob	avo	avob	aavo	aavob
1I	vav	vavbee	av	avbee	aav	aavbee
2	vannii	vanniinn	annii	anniinn	aannii	aanniinn
3F	vazu	vazus	azu	azus	aazu	aazus
3M	vava	vavaa	ava	avaa	aava	aavaa
3P	vavbo	vavbop	avbo	avbop	aavbo	aavbop
3T	vavit	vaviit	avit	aviit	aavit	aaviit
3U	vazdee	--	azdee	--	aazdee	--

HYPOTHETIC PAST
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O vaziso vazisob aziso azisob aaziso aazisob

1I vazifp vazifpee azifp azifpee aazifp aazifpee

2 vaziznnii vaziznniinn aziznnii aziznniinn aaziznnii aaziznniinn

3F vazisu vazisus azisu azisus aazisu aazisus

3M vazisa vazisaa azisa azisaa aazisa aazisaa

3P vazispo vazispop azispo azispop aazispo aazispop

3T vazisit vazisiit azisit azisiit aazisit aazisiit

3U vazistee -- azistee -- aazistee --

HYPOTHETIC PAST
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	vaziso	vazisob	aziso	azisob	aaziso	aazisob
1I	vazifp	vazifpee	azifp	azifpee	aazifp	aazifpee
2	vaziznnii	vaziznniinn	aziznnii	aziznniinn	aaziznnii	aaziznniinn
3F	vazisu	vazisus	azisu	azisus	aazisu	aazisus
3M	vazisa	vazisaa	azisa	azisaa	aazisa	aazisaa
3P	vazispo	vazispop	azispo	azispop	aazispo	aazispop
3T	vazisit	vazisiit	azisit	azisiit	aazisit	aazisiit
3U	vazistee	--	azistee	--	aazistee	--

HYPOTHETIC FUTURE
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O vazzdd vazzddob azzdd azzddob aazzdd aazzddob

1I vazzddeb vazzddebee azzddeb azzddebee aazzddeb aazzddebee

2 vazzddennii vazzddenniinn azzddennii azzddenniinn aazzddennii aazzddenniinn

3F vazzddesu vazzddesus azzddesu azzddesus aazzddesu aazzddesus

3M vazzddema vazzddemaa azzddema azzddemaa aazzddema aazzddemaa

3P vazzddepo vazzddepop azzddepo azzddepop aazzddepo aazzddepop

3T vazzddeet vazzddiit azzddeet azzddiit aazzddeet aazzddiit

3U vazzddee -- azzddee -- aazzddee --

HYPOTHETIC FUTURE
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	vazzdd	vazzddob	azzdd	azzddob	aazzdd	aazzddob
1I	vazzddeb	vazzddebee	azzddeb	azzddebee	aazzddeb	aazzddebee
2	vazzddennii	vazzddenniinn	azzddennii	azzddenniinn	aazzddennii	aazzddenniinn
3F	vazzddesu	vazzddesus	azzddesu	azzddesus	aazzddesu	aazzddesus
3M	vazzddema	vazzddemaa	azzddema	azzddemaa	aazzddema	aazzddemaa
3P	vazzddepo	vazzddepop	azzddepo	azzddepop	aazzddepo	aazzddepop
3T	vazzddeet	vazzddiit	azzddeet	azzddiit	aazzddeet	aazzddiit
3U	vazzddee	--	azzddee	--	aazzddee	--

OPTATIVE PRESENT
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O xilbo xilbob ilbo ilbob ailbo ailbob

1I xilb xilbee ilb ilbee ailb ailbee

2 xilnnii xilnniinn ilnnii ilnniinn ailnnii ailnniinn

3F xilzu xilzus ilzu ilzus ailzu ailzus

3M xilma xilmaa ilma ilmaa ailma ailmaa

3P xilbo xilbop ilbo ilbop ailbo ailbop

3T xilit xiliit ilit iliit ailit ailiit

3U xildee -- ildee -- aildee --

OPTATIVE PRESENT
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	xilbo	xilbob	ilbo	ilbob	ailbo	ailbob
1I	xilb	xilbee	ilb	ilbee	ailb	ailbee
2	xilnnii	xilnniinn	ilnnii	ilnniinn	ailnnii	ailnniinn
3F	xilzu	xilzus	ilzu	ilzus	ailzu	ailzus
3M	xilma	xilmaa	ilma	ilmaa	ailma	ailmaa
3P	xilbo	xilbop	ilbo	ilbop	ailbo	ailbop
3T	xilit	xiliit	ilit	iliit	ailit	ailiit
3U	xildee	--	ildee	--	aildee	--

OPTATIVE PAST
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O xiliso xilisob iliso ilisob ailiso ailisob

1I xilifp xilifpee ilifp ilifpee ailifp ailifpee

2 xiliznnii xiliznniinn iliznnii iliznniinn ailiznnii ailiznniinn

3F xilisu xilisus ilisu ilisus ailisu ailisus

3M xilisa xilisaa ilisa ilisaa ailisa ailisaa

3P xilispo xilispop ilispo ilispop ailispo ailispop

3T xilisit xilisiit ilisit ilisiit ailisit ailisiit

3U xilistee -- ilistee -- ailistee --

OPTATIVE PAST
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	xiliso	xilisob	iliso	ilisob	ailiso	ailisob
1I	xilifp	xilifpee	ilifp	ilifpee	ailifp	ailifpee
2	xiliznnii	xiliznniinn	iliznnii	iliznniinn	ailiznnii	ailiznniinn
3F	xilisu	xilisus	ilisu	ilisus	ailisu	ailisus
3M	xilisa	xilisaa	ilisa	ilisaa	ailisa	ailisaa
3P	xilispo	xilispop	ilispo	ilispop	ailispo	ailispop
3T	xilisit	xilisiit	ilisit	ilisiit	ailisit	ailisiit
3U	xilistee	--	ilistee	--	ailistee	--

OPTATIVE FUTURE
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O xildd xilddob ildd ilddob aildd ailddob

1I xilddeb xilddebee ilddeb ilddebee ailddeb ailddebee

2 xilddennii xilddenniinn ilddennii ilddenniinn ailddennii ailddenniinn

3F xilddesu xilddesus ilddesu ilddesus ailddesu ailddesus

3M xilddema xilddemaa ilddema ilddemaa ailddema ailddemaa

3P xilddepo xilddepop ilddepo ilddepop ailddepo ailddepop

3T xilddeet xilddiit ilddeet ilddiit ailddeet ailddiit

3U xilddee -- ilddee -- ailddee --

OPTATIVE FUTURE
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	xildd	xilddob	ildd	ilddob	aildd	ailddob
1I	xilddeb	xilddebee	ilddeb	ilddebee	ailddeb	ailddebee
2	xilddennii	xilddenniinn	ilddennii	ilddenniinn	ailddennii	ailddenniinn
3F	xilddesu	xilddesus	ilddesu	ilddesus	ailddesu	ailddesus
3M	xilddema	xilddemaa	ilddema	ilddemaa	ailddema	ailddemaa
3P	xilddepo	xilddepop	ilddepo	ilddepop	ailddepo	ailddepop
3T	xilddeet	xilddiit	ilddeet	ilddiit	ailddeet	ailddiit
3U	xilddee	--	ilddee	--	ailddee	--

ANALYTIC PRESENT
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O (s)pbo (s)pbob ebo ebob eebo eebob

1I (s)peb (s)pebee eb ebee eeb eebee

2 (s)bnnii (s)bnniinn ebnnii ebnniinn eebnnii eebnniinn

3F (s)psu (s)psus epsu epsus eepsu eepsus

3M (s)pa (s)paa epa epaa eepa eepaa

3P (s)po (s)pop epo epop eepo eepop

3T (s)pit (s)piit epit epiit eepit eepiit

3U (s)ptee -- eptee -- eeptee --

ANALYTIC PRESENT
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	(s)pbo	(s)pbob	ebo	ebob	eebo	eebob
1I	(s)peb	(s)pebee	eb	ebee	eeb	eebee
2	(s)bnnii	(s)bnniinn	ebnnii	ebnniinn	eebnnii	eebnniinn
3F	(s)psu	(s)psus	epsu	epsus	eepsu	eepsus
3M	(s)pa	(s)paa	epa	epaa	eepa	eepaa
3P	(s)po	(s)pop	epo	epop	eepo	eepop
3T	(s)pit	(s)piit	epit	epiit	eepit	eepiit
3U	(s)ptee	--	eptee	--	eeptee	--

ANALYTIC PAST
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O (s)piso (s)pisob episo episob eepiso eepisob

1I (s)pifp (s)pifpee epifp epifpee eepifp eepifpee

2 (s)piznnii (s)piznniinn epiznnii epiznniinn eepiznnii eepiznniinn

3F (s)pisu (s)pisus episu episus eepisu eepisus

3M (s)pisa (s)pisaa episa episaa eepisa eepisaa

3P (s)pispo (s)pispop epispo epispop eepispo eepispop

3T (s)pisit (s)pisiit episit episiit eepisit eepisiit

3U (s)pistee -- epistee -- eepistee --

ANALYTIC PAST
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	(s)piso	(s)pisob	episo	episob	eepiso	eepisob
1I	(s)pifp	(s)pifpee	epifp	epifpee	eepifp	eepifpee
2	(s)piznnii	(s)piznniinn	epiznnii	epiznniinn	eepiznnii	eepiznniinn
3F	(s)pisu	(s)pisus	episu	episus	eepisu	eepisus
3M	(s)pisa	(s)pisaa	episa	episaa	eepisa	eepisaa
3P	(s)pispo	(s)pispop	epispo	epispop	eepispo	eepispop
3T	(s)pisit	(s)pisiit	episit	episiit	eepisit	eepisiit
3U	(s)pistee	--	epistee	--	eepistee	--

ANALYTIC FUTURE
+V +C -C

S P S P S P

1O (s)bddo (s)bddob ebddo ebddob eebddo eebddob

1I (s)bddeb (s)bddebee ebddeb ebddebee eebddeb eebddebee

2 (s)bddennii (s)bddenniinn ebddennii ebddenniinn eebddennii eebddenniinn

3F (s)bddesu (s)bddesus ebddesu ebddesus eebddesu eebddesus

3M (s)bddema (s)bddemaa ebddema ebddemaa eebddema eebddemaa

3P (s)bddepo (s)bddepop ebddepo ebddepop eebddepo eebddepop

3T (s)bddeet (s)bddiit ebddeet ebddiit eebddeet eebddiit

3U (s)bddee -- ebddee -- eebddee --

ANALYTIC FUTURE
	+V	+C	-C
	S	P	S	P	S	P
1O	(s)bddo	(s)bddob	ebddo	ebddob	eebddo	eebddob
1I	(s)bddeb	(s)bddebee	ebddeb	ebddebee	eebddeb	eebddebee
2	(s)bddennii	(s)bddenniinn	ebddennii	ebddenniinn	eebddennii	eebddenniinn
3F	(s)bddesu	(s)bddesus	ebddesu	ebddesus	eebddesu	eebddesus
3M	(s)bddema	(s)bddemaa	ebddema	ebddemaa	eebddema	eebddemaa
3P	(s)bddepo	(s)bddepop	ebddepo	ebddepop	eebddepo	eebddepop
3T	(s)bddeet	(s)bddiit	ebddeet	ebddiit	eebddeet	eebddiit
3U	(s)bddee	--	ebddee	--	eebddee	--

Irregular Verbs

ma be (the same as)

This acts in the positive as if its root is m for the subjunctive and analytic, and for inc. pres. 3MS, 3MP, 3TS, and 3TP. The negative (mab) is regular.

fi be small

This acts in the positive as if its root is f for the subjunctive and analytic. The negative (fib) is regular.

Case Stacking

Except for the 3TS future forms, all third person forms end with the nominative ending of the appropriate gender noun. Sometimes, if a third person subject is not in the nominative case, the verb will agree with its subject in case. For 3TS future other than nom., the ending will be as if the ending was it instead of eet.

Links

+V	positive vowel stem
+C	positive consonant stem
-C	negative consonant stem
S	singular
P	plural
1O	first person ordinary
1I	first person intimate
2	second person
3F	third person feminine
3M	third person masculine
3P	third person positional
3T	third person transportable
3U	third person uncountable
(s)	strenghening of vowel in stem